Based on the appropriate texts (Corcyra, The Trojan Women, The Clouds, Essay

In view of the proper writings (Corcyra, The Trojan Women, The Clouds, The Republic, Gaugamela), characterize the three or so most significant changes (or wonders) in the Greek world in the period - Essay Example The methods of reasoning that were a piece of the progressions of this time started with a comprehension of the few divine beings that were a piece of the way of life. This started to change with a few ways of thinking and discussions that were a piece of the timeframe. One of the manners in which this can be seen is through â€Å"The Republic† by Plato. The starting piece of this book shows the discussion between a few strict standards and ethics, just as how these repudiated thoughts in the public eye. Socrates, all through this book, speaks to the new idea, which incorporates a comprehension of equity, satisfaction and a scrutinizing of ethics and truth. This is against different characters, for example, Glaucon, who show the old thoughts in the public arena and how they no longer work with working in the public eye. For example, in an initial discussion, Socrates and Glaucon start to banter over the various ideas of riches and how this can prompt judges or unfairness. Glau con states, â€Å"If, Socrates, we are to be guided at all similarity of the first cases, than equity is the workmanship which offers great to companions and wickedness to enemies† (Plato, 42). These sorts of discussions would travel through the strict ideas of equity just as how they related to society, explicitly to decide new kinds of ethics that were being investigated during this time span. While this specific idea was seen from one perspective, it could likewise be noticed that the discussions with ethics and ways of thinking seemed to have progressively strains in the public eye. For example, â€Å"The Clouds† by Aristophanes, depends on crafted by Plato and explicitly with the philosophies that Socrates speaks to. The play starts with the child Strepsiades, who is dedicated to go to the school of Socrates, known as the Thinkery. This turns into a discussion when Strepsiades sees goddesses and portrayals of mists, which come to reveal to him truth outside of the Thinkery. This turns into the fundamental clash of the

More than a Rose †English Literature Essay

In excess of a Rose †English Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers In excess of a Rose English Literature Essay Society has a method of figuring out what it needs individuals to be. To a degree certain ethnic or racial gatherings are advised by society that they aren’t to have certain occupations or live certain spots. TV and films scarcely ever show dark specialists living in Beverly Hills. There are once in a while white men who challenge for the heavyweight boxing title, and significantly less ladies in every one of those classes. Similarly, a person’s family may place an attitude into that individual on account of what that family is. A portion of these outsider sources can be changed and some will likely consistently impact individuals. These components influence the manner in which an individual is seen and how that individual acts. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, a town gives its record of probably the most seasoned resident. The town communicates an aversion for Miss Emily Grierson when in reality all of Emily’s issues originate from sources outsider to her. The primary wellspring of Emily’s issues lies in the town itself. The town causes the start of Emily’s issues by giving her the option to not need to settle charges. The town says that Miss Emily is a weight on them when it says â€Å"Alive, Miss Emily has been a convention, an obligation, and a consideration; a kind of innate commitment upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris†¦remits her taxes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Faulkner 377). In the event that Colonel Sartoris had not given Emily the benefit of not making good on her expenses, they would not have the issue of the remainder of the town being envious of that benefit. Emily gets acquainted with not settling charges, which is a privilege lawfully conceded to her. When inquired as to whether she got a notification to make good on her assessments, she answers â€Å"I got a paper, yes. Maybe he sees himself as the sheriff†¦I have no charges in Jefferson.† (Faulkner 378) Then the Board of Aldermen says â€Å"But there is nothing on the books to show that, you see. We should pass by the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Faulkner 378). It is the town’s own flaw for not having appropriate records of who needs to settle charges and who doesn't need to pay them. The entire issue of Emily not paying her duties is put on her by the town and afterward exacerbated by the town when they attempt to adjust their perspective on Emily’s charge status. The following thing that the town does to cause Emily’s issues is to get into her own life and attempt to transform it. The town says, â€Å"At last they could feel sorry for Miss Emily. Being disregarded, and a poor person, she had become humanized.† (Faulkner 379) Her being barbaric involves their idea, not hers. At that point they state â€Å"Poor Emily† (Faulkner 380) when she begins being seen with Homer Barron and they figure she may wed him. The town ought to have no motivation to feel sorry for her, as she is by all accounts in affection with a decent man. They don’t like the man since he is a northerner, which is another issue through and through for the town. The town at that point starts to think it isn't right for Emily to be seen with Homer, as it's been said â€Å"Then a portion of the women started to state it is a disfavor to the town and a terrible guide to the youthful people† (Faulkner 381). So the town powers its will upon their pastor who goes to converse with Emily. The town says â€Å"He could never uncover what occurred during that meet, yet he will not return again† (Faulkner 381). By and by the town attempts to drive its thoughts upon Emily. The individuals of the town should simply let her carry on with her life the manner in which she sees fit. The other wellspring of Emily’s issues is her family. Her dad pursues away any men that came to attempt to court Miss Emily. The town says, â€Å"We recollect all the youngsters her dad had driven away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Faulkner 379). They likewise state â€Å"The individuals in our town†¦believe that the Griersons hold themselves excessively high for what they truly are† (Faulkner 379). The town sizes up Emily from how it sees her family. At that point the town says of her cousins â€Å"We were happy in light of the fact that the two female cousins were significantly more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been† (Faulkner 381). The town is by and by expecting that Emily resembles her family, when they don’t even know her. Had Emily not been destined to the Grierson family, she presumably would have a significantly more ordinary way of life. Emily’s issues originate from the town and the points of reference her family has set. Emily is just acting the manner in which she thinks everybody anticipates that her should demonstration. â€Å"[Faulkner wishes] to constrain the peruser to look behind the words to the covered up, progressively significant implying that is no place explicitly epitomized in the writing† composes Claude-Edmonde Magny (144). In the public eye today offspring of the poor are frequently observed as growing up to be poor, and along these lines a large number of them do. Treating them along these lines just adds to their destruction, similarly as treating Emily the manner in which the town and her family do adds to hers. Faulkner is stating in his unobtrusive manner that society should open its psyche. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† Fictions. Eds. Joseph F. Trimmer and C. Swim Jennings. third ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace, 1994. Magny, Claude-Edmonde. â€Å"Faulkner, or Theological Inversion†. Contemporary Literary Criticism 18 (1981): 143-145. 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Art Movements Analysis Essay Sample

Art Movements Analysis Essay Sample The history of art is characterized by the change of different styles and directions. There are lots of styles and art movements. They do not have clear boundaries, smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, confusion and opposition. Since the Middle Ages, Europe has become culture and art center. The second half of the 17th century was marked by the flowering of the Baroque, which subsequently led to the emergence of other art movements including Romanticism. Many of the styles in art coexist simultaneously. Analysis of the formation and transformation of Western European art reveals common features and peculiarities of art styles. Depending on the social and economic basis of society, different styles arose and developed. Historical and social changes in society, such as Counter- Reformation, became the background for Baroque. This style is associated with the church and aristocratic culture of that time. The main goal is the glorification of life and the reality of being. To maintain the status of religion and the church, art exalted monarchs, nobility, and faith. At the same time, it reflected the ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world. Art served as an expression of beauty, grace, and faith. The most characteristic features of baroque are a dramatic use of color and dynamism. Depictions are direct, emotionally persuasive, physically and psychologically real. The art should inspire the viewer to the spiritual imagination. Emotional intense is achieved through contrasts between light, dark and shadow. The baroque feature is extravagant settings and ornamentation. Through the centuries, mankind developed and changed. In accordance with the progress and needs of society, art acquired new directions and forms. Romanticism arose in the late 18th until the first half of the XIX century. The background for Romanticism was an industrial revolution and a departure from biblical themes and the church. Romanticism is an aesthetic revolution. It`s characterized by the assertion of the self-worth of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, depicting strong passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. Romantics glorified a life filled with deep feeling, spirituality, and free expression. They also extolled the value of human beings. The main differences between Baroque and Romanticism are based on the social factors of society and the goals of creating art objects. Baroque artists tried to inspire their contemporaries in faith. They created art in the motion with a clear and realistic scene to produce drama, tension, and exuberance. Romantic artists evoke to rural life, the knowledge of the mysteries of being, and the greatness and unbridled nature. They concerned on individual uniqueness and self-expression. The romantic art is usually more heroic, dreamy and immersive in the mystery. Artists used different methods and materials to create art objects, but both styles of art inspire and involve the observer. Baroque and Romanticism existed in different centuries. The characteristics of each style are determined by the influence of social classes, scientific and industrial development, the needs of man and the community as a whole. As an earlier art movement, Baroque contributed to the advent of subsequent trends including Romanticism. Baroque represents tradition and spirituality, while Romanticism is a deeply-felt style which is individualistic, exotic, beautiful and emotionally wrought. Contemplating the existing art objects, artists could inherit the characteristics of the style or oppose their presentation in accordance with new conditions of the era.

The Psychosocial Theory Of Play During The Life Stages Of...

My report paper is based upon Erikson’s psychosocial approach in the dimension of play during the life stages of infancy and early school age. Psychosocial approach interested me the most because it involves every stage of development from infancy to death in which there is a psychosocial crisis that the person has to overcome to successfully move to the next stage of development. These psychosocial crises are viewed as tension which are a normal experience for each individual because a person’s competencies and the demands that are place upon them by society are not the same. Erikson’s view of play interested me more than Piaget and Vygotsky’s which is why I chose to focus on the psychosocial theory of play. According to Erikson, â€Å"The play often not only represented the problem but also offers a solution so that children experience some new sense of resolution and a reduction in the tension associated with the conflict† (Newman Newman, 2012, p. 214). Psychosocial is a combination of interactions among biological, psychological, and societal processes which allows us to understand that this approach has a multi-disciplinary view. When a person has a positive resolution to each crisis it helps the person become able to be successful in the following stages which is why it is so important to be able to adapt. The way a person handles their life experiences also influences how the direction of development occurs as well as the biological and societal aspects. TheseShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many methods for studying human social development. In Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory, social interactions are an important and determining factor of lifespan development. Although Erikson was influenced by many of Sigmund Freud’s studies, his studies were based upon psychosocial development versus psychosexual development. 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The term psychosocial development is the pattern of change in emotions, personality and social relationship (â€Å"A Child’s World† 10). Erikson believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas later stages change and transform earlier ones. His theory shows the impact on social relationships throughout one’s entire life. Each individual goes throughRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesDuring our lives, everyone goes through a change and evolves in different ways. However, in the field of psychology as far as development, the process of growing and maturing has been previously linked only with childhood. One of the first theorists Erik E rickson felt that development continues throughout life. Erickson believes that each stage in life resembles to specific opportunities that the society might have. 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Reflection About Article What Panasonic Learned in China

Introduction The review is about the article What Panasonic Learned in China written by Wakayama Toshiro, Shintaku Junjiro and Amano Tomofumi. Harvard Business Review. Dec2012, Vol. 90 Issue 12, p109-113. The article focuses on how Panasonic in China learned to bridge two strategies that are often mutually exclusive: localization and integration. The founder of Panasonic was asked by the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to help modernizing China’s industries. Panasonic began licensing technologies to China which led to more than 40 China-based manufacturing operations. Panasonic’s first main purpose was to take advantage of low manufacturing costs and exporting the output. In Japan, Panasonic invested a Lifestyle Research Center to†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, China subsidiaries have almost complete authority to make decisions on introductions for new products in the local market. They are focusing on meeting local consumers particular needs. This article shows us how Panasonic strategically handled the outpacing competitors in China by bridging localization and integration. By combining these two strategies Panasonic began to think globally and act local. By establishing a Lifestyle Research Center in China, they embraced the tension between cross-border integration and local adaptation. In order to develop overseas business, Panasonic held firmly to the idea of ‘contributing to the development of the country’ by acting as a public entity and becoming a company welcomed by the country. What we have experienced in real life situations is that we have to give the consumers a good feeling. Like what you do when you are having a sales talk, you want your clients to have a good feeling about you and you have to provide them complete information so they can trust you. Panasonic handled that way which was their source to success. The authors probably wanted us to inform that Panasonic’s approach in engaging markets is a strong advantage in their business field. Competitiveness will be determined not just by the localization of sales and production but also by theShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesparticularly regarding sustainable competitive advantage and resources, and corporate strategy, particularly regarding diversiï ¬ cation and internationalisation. There are also issues of ownership and organisation. In the end, the fundamental question is: what future for the Ministry? ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  In 1991, 28-year-old James Palumbo invested  £225,000 (≈a340,000) of his own capital into a new dance club located in an old South London bus depot. As an old Etonian (the UK’s most elitist private school), a graduateRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesRetailers Two Traditional Store Retailers Summary: B2C Retailing 268 266 267 259 239 Contents Dot-Com Intermediaries 269 Summary: Successful Online Intermediary Models 273 Special Issue: What Makes a Good Web Site for Consumers 273 Special Issue: What Makes a Good B2C Social Media Platform 275 Review Questions 276 †¢ Discussion Questions 276 †¢ Bibliography 277 ̈ CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO 279 ̈ CASE STUDY II-2 Real-Time Business IntelligenceRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages518 520 522 523 528 528 534 Stage Three: How might we get there? Strategic choice 12 The strategic management of the marketing mix 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.11 Learning objectives Introduction Product decisions and strategy What is a product? The dimensions of product policy Brand strategies The development of new products Pricing policies and strategies Approaches to price setting Methods of pricing 12.10 Deciding on the pricing objectives 12.12 Using price as a tactical

Checkpoint Personality Assessment and Theories Free Essays

A persons personality is unique to that person there are no two people in the world that have the same personalities. A person’s personality comes over time as they grow up to be an adult. As a person grows they learn what they like and what they do not. We will write a custom essay sample on Checkpoint: Personality Assessment and Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now What a person goes thought in their life growing up can make them what they are as an adult. The psychodynamic theory says that a person’s behavior comes from psychological forces that happened in their life.Like if a person is raped at a young age, this could be a big part of their life and how they act. If anything happenes to a person as they are growning up this could make them who thay are as an adult. Freud and his theories on personality, one is unconscious he thought that this was all the thoughts and feelings and ideas witch people are not and normally cannot be aware of. Unconscious is when a person is asleep.Freud was talking about all the feelings people have when they are sleeping and how people are not aware of some of the feelings people have when they are sleeping. Freud thought that the ego was for the personalitly and that mediates between reality, superego, and the needs for there id to show them selfs. The way freud thought was importint because he figered out how people think and why some do the things they do. Everyone has a defense mechanisms this is something that reducing to anxiety and guit. A persons defence mechanisms helps them determen from what is right and lets them know when something is going wrong in there lifes and helps them get away from whatever it is that is wrong. There are a lot of people that take personality tests to she what there personality means but really ones personality is one of there own there are people like anther but there is noone the same. I think this is why the world is so different if everyone was the same person there would be nothing to do or talk about to each other. How to cite Checkpoint: Personality Assessment and Theories, Papers

Checkpoint Personality Assessment and Theories Free Essays

A persons personality is unique to that person there are no two people in the world that have the same personalities. A person’s personality comes over time as they grow up to be an adult. As a person grows they learn what they like and what they do not. We will write a custom essay sample on Checkpoint: Personality Assessment and Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now What a person goes thought in their life growing up can make them what they are as an adult. The psychodynamic theory says that a person’s behavior comes from psychological forces that happened in their life.Like if a person is raped at a young age, this could be a big part of their life and how they act. If anything happenes to a person as they are growning up this could make them who thay are as an adult. Freud and his theories on personality, one is unconscious he thought that this was all the thoughts and feelings and ideas witch people are not and normally cannot be aware of. Unconscious is when a person is asleep.Freud was talking about all the feelings people have when they are sleeping and how people are not aware of some of the feelings people have when they are sleeping. Freud thought that the ego was for the personalitly and that mediates between reality, superego, and the needs for there id to show them selfs. The way freud thought was importint because he figered out how people think and why some do the things they do. Everyone has a defense mechanisms this is something that reducing to anxiety and guit. A persons defence mechanisms helps them determen from what is right and lets them know when something is going wrong in there lifes and helps them get away from whatever it is that is wrong. There are a lot of people that take personality tests to she what there personality means but really ones personality is one of there own there are people like anther but there is noone the same. I think this is why the world is so different if everyone was the same person there would be nothing to do or talk about to each other. How to cite Checkpoint: Personality Assessment and Theories, Papers

Darwinian Theory Of Evolution Essay Example For Students

Darwinian Theory Of Evolution Essay TABLE OF CONTENTS PageINTRODUCTION .. 2DARWINIAN THEORY OF EVOLUTION 4THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS .. 7WALLACES CONTRIBUTIONS .. 13HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE . 15COMPARISON: LAMARCK vs. DARWIN 16DARWINS INFLUENCES 20METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC DEDUCTION 23LIMITS TO DARWINS THEORY 25MORPHOLOGICAL ; BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS .. 27BIO-EVOLUTION: POPULATION vs. INDIVIDUALS . 29MECHANISMS FOR GENETIC VARIATION .. 31GENETIC VARIATION AND SPECIATION .. 35DARWINS FINCHES 37SPECIATION vs. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION .. 39CONCEPT OF ADAPTATION . 41PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM 43VALUE/LIMITATIONS: THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION . 45ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS OF BEING 47CONCLUSIONS .. 48INTRODUCTIONTheories explaining biological evolution have been bandiedabout since the ancient Greeks, but it was not until theEnlightment of the 18th century that widespread acceptance anddevelopment of this theory emerged. In the mid 19th centuryenglish naturalist Charles Darwin who has been called th efather of evolution conceived of the most comprehensivefindings about organic evolution ever1. Today many of hisprinciples still entail modern interpretation of evolution. Ive assessed and interpreted the basis of Darwins theorieson evolution, incorporating a number of other factors concerningevolutionary theory in the process. Criticism of Darwinsconclusions abounds somewhat more than has been paid tribute to,however Darwins findings marked a revolution of thought andsocial upheaval unprecedented in Western consciousnesschallenging not only the scientific community, but the prominentreligious institution as well. Another revolution in science ofa lesser nature was also spawned by Darwin, namely the remarkablesimplicity with which his major work The Origin of the Specieswas written straightforward English, anyone capable of alogical argument could follow it also unprecedented in thescientific community (compare this to Isaac Newtons horriblycomplex work taking the scientific community years tointerpret2). Evolutionary and revolutionary in more than one sense ofeach word. Every theory mentioned in the following reading, infact falls back to Darwinism. DARWINIAN THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONModern conception of species and the idea of organicevolution had been part of Western consciousness since the mid-17th century (a la John Ray)3, but wide-range acceptance of thisidea, beyond the bounds of the scientific community, did notarise until Darwin published his findings in 19584. Darwin firstdeveloped his theory of biological evolution in 1938, followinghis five-year circumglobal voyage in the southern tropics (as anaturalist) on the H.M.S. Beagle, and perusal of one ThomasMalthus An Essay on the Principle of Population which proposedthat environmental factors, such as famine and disease limitedhuman population growth5. This had direct bearing on Darwinstheory of natural selection, furnishing him with an enhancedconceptualization of the survival of the fittest thecompetition among individuals of the same species for limitedresources the missing piece to his puzzle6. For fear ofcontradicting his fathers beliefs, Darwin did not publis h hisfindings until he was virtually forced after Alfred Wallace senthim a short paper almost identical to his own extensive works onthe theory of evolution. The two men presented a joint paper tothe Linnaean Society in 1958 Darwin published a much largerwork (a mere abstract of my material) Origin of the Species ayear later, a source of undue controversy and opposition (frompious Christians)7, but remarkable development for evolutionarytheory. Their findings basically stated that populations oforganisms and individuals of a species were varied: someindividuals were more capable of obtaining mates, food and othermeans of sustenance, consequently producing more offspring thanless capable individuals. Their offspring would retain some ofthese characteristics, hence a disproportionate representation ofsuccessive individuals in future generations. Therefore futuregenerations would tend have those characteristics of moreaccommodating individuals8. This is the basis of Darwins theoryof natural selection: those individuals incapable of adapting tochange are eliminated in future generations, selected against. Darwin observed that animals tended to produce more offspringthan were necessary to replace themselves, leading to the logicalconclusion that eventually the earth would no longer be able tosupport an expanding population. As a result of increasingpopulation however, war, famine and pestilence also increaseproportionately, generally maintaining comparatively stablepopulation9. Twelve years later, Darwin published a two-volume workentitled The Descent of Man, applying his basic theory to likecomparison between the evolutionary nature of man and animals andhow this related to socio-political development man and hisperception of life. It is through the blind and aimlessprogress of natural selection that man has advance to his presentlevel in love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason,etc. as well as progress in knowledge morals and religion10. Here is where originated the classic idea of the evolution of manfrom ape, specifically where he contended that Africa was thecradle of civilization. This work also met with opposition butbecause of the impact of his revolutionary initial work thisopposition was comparatively muted11. A summary of the critical issues of Darwins theory might beabridged into six concise point as follows:1Variation among individuals of a species does not indicatedeficient copies of an ideal prototype as suggested by theplatonic notion of Eidos. The reverse is true: variationis integral to the evolutionary process. 2The fundamental struggle in nature occurs within singlespecies population to obtain food, interbreed, and resistpredation. The struggle between different species (ie. foxvs. hare) is less consequential. 3The only variations pertinent to evolution are those whichare inherited. 4Evolution is an ongoing process which must span many moonsto become detectably apparent. 5Complexity of a species may not necessarily increase withthe evolutionary process it may not change at all, evendecrease. 6Predator and prey have no underlying purpose for maintenanceof any type of balance natural selection is opportunisticand irregular12. THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTSThe scientific range of biological evolution is remarkablyvast and can be used to explain numerous observations within thefield of biology. Generally, observation of any physical,behaviourial, or chemical change (adaptation) over time owingdirectly to considerable diversity of organisms can be attributedto biological evolution of species. It might also explain thelocation (distribution) of species throughout the planet. Naturalists can hypothesize that if organisms are evolvingthrough time, then current species will differ considerably fromtheir extinct ancestors. The theory of biological evolutionbrought about the idea for a record of the progressive changes anearly, extinct species underwent. Through use of this fossilrecord paleontologists are able to classify species according totheir similarity to ancestral predecessors, and thereby determinewhich species might be related to one another. Determination ofthe age of each fossil will concurrently indicate the rate ofevolution, as well as precisely which ancestors preceded oneanother and consequently which characteristics are retained orselected against. Generally this holds true: probable ancestorsdo occur earlier in the fossil record, prokaryotes precedeeukaryotes in the fossil record. There are however, significantmissing links throughout the fossil record resulting fromspecies that were, perhaps, never fossilized nevertheless it isrelatively c ompatible with the theory of evolution13. It can be postulated that organisms evolving from the sameancestor will tend to have similar structural characteristics. New species will have modified versions of preexisting structuresas per their respective habitats (environmental situations). Certainly these varying species will demonstrate cleardifferentiation in important structural functions, however anunderlying similarity will be noted in all. In this case thesimilarity is said to be homologous, that is, structure origin isidentical for all descended species, but very different inappearance. This can be exemplified in the pectoral appendagesof terrestrial vertebrates: Initial impression would be that ofdisparate structure, however in all such vertebrates fourdistinct structural regions have been defined: the regionnearest the body (humerus connecting to the pectoral girdle, themiddle region (two bones, radius and ulna are present), a thirdregion the hand of several bones (carpal and metacarpal,and region of digits or fingers. Current species might alsoexhibit similar organ functions, but are not descended from thesame ancestor and therefore different in structure. Suchorganisms are said to be analogous and can be exemplified intetrapods, many containing similar mus cles but not necessarilyoriginating from the same ancestor. These two anatomicallikenesses cannot be explained without considerable understandingof the theory of organic evolution14. The embryology, or early development of species evolved fromthe same ancestor would also be expected to be congruent. Related species all share embryonic features. This has helped indetermining reasons why development takes place indirectly,structures appearing in embryonic stage serve no purpose, and whythey are absent in adults. All vertebrates develop a notchord,gill slits (greatly modified during the embryonic cycle) and atail during early embryology, subsequently passing through stagesin which they resemble larval amphioxus, then larval fishes. The notchord will only be retained as discs, while only the earcanal will remain of the gills in adults. Toothless Baleenwhales will temporarily develop teeth and hair during earlyembryology leading to the conclusion that their ancestors hadthese anatomical intricacies. A similar pattern, exists inalmost all animal organisms during the embryonic stage fornumerous formations of common organs including the lungs andliver. Yet there is a virtually unlimited variation ofanatomical properties among adult organisms. This variation canonly be attributed to evolutionary theory15. Biological evolution theory insists that in the case of acommon ancestor, all species should be similar on a molecularlevel. Despite the tremendous diversity in structure, behaviourand physiology of organisms, there is among them a considerableamount of molecular consistency. Many statements have alreadybeen made to ascertain this: All cells are comprised of the sameelemental organic compounds, namely proteins, lipid andcarbohydrates. All organic reactions involve the action ofenzymes. Proteins are synthesized in all cells from 20 knownamino acids. In all cells, carbohydrate molecules arederivatives of six-carbon sugars (and their polymers). Glycolysis is used by all cells to obtain energy through thebreakdown of compounds. Metabolism for all cells as well asdetermination of definitude of proteins through intermediatecompounds is governed by DNA. The structure for all vitallipids, proteins, some important co-enzymes and specializedmolecules such as DNA, RNA and ATP are common to all organisms. All organisms are anatomically constructed through function ofthe genetic code. All of these biochemical similarities can bepredicted by the theory of biological evolution but, of coursesome molecular differentiation can occur. What might appear asminor differentiation (perhaps the occurrence-frequency of asingle enzyme) might throw species into entirely different ordersof mammals (ie. cite the chimpanzee and horse, thedifferentiation resulting from the presence of an extra 11cytochrome c respiratory enzymes). Experts have thereforetheorized that all life evolve from a single organism, thechanges having occurred in each lineage, derived in concert froma common ancestor16. Breeders had long known the value of protective resemblancelong before Darwin or any other biological evolution theoristsmade their mark. Nevertheless, evolutionary theory can predictand explain the process by which offspring of two somewhatdifferent parents of the same species will inherit the traits ofboth or rather how to insure that the offspring retains thebeneficial traits by merging two of the same species with likephysical characteristics. It was the work of Mendel thatactually led to more educated explanations for the value inprotective resemblance17. The Hardy-Weinburg theory specifically,employs Mendels theory to a degree to predict the frequency ofoccurrence of dominantly or recessively expressing offspring. Population genetics is almost sufficient in explaining the basisfor protective resemblance. Here biological evolutionary theorymight obtain its first application to genetic engineering18. Finally, one could suggest that species residing in aspecific area might be placed into two ancestral groups: thosespecies with origins outside of the area and those speciesevolving from ancestors already present in the area. Because theevolutionary process is so slow, spanning over considerablelengths of time, it can be predicted that similar species wouldbe found within comparatively short distances of each other, dueto the difficulty for most organisms to disperse across an ocean. These patterns of dispersion are rather complex, but it isgenerally maintained by biologists that closely related speciesoccur in the same indefinite region. Species may also beisolated by geographic dispersion: they might colonize anisland, and over the course of time evolve differently from theirrelatives on the mainland. Madagascar is one such example infact approximately 90 percent of the birds living there areendemic to that region. Thus as predicted, it follows thatspeciation is concurrent with the theory of biologicalevolution19. WALLACES CONTRIBUTIONSThere is rarely a sentence written regarding Wallace thatdoes not contain some allusion to Darwin. Indeed, perhaps thesingle most significant feat he preformed was to compel Darwin toenter the public scene20. Wallace, another English naturalist haddone extensive work in South America and southeast Asia(particularly the Amazon and the Malay Archipelago) and, likeDarwin, he had not conceived of the mechanism of evolution untilhe read (recalled, actually) the work of Thomas Malthus thenotion that in every generation the inferior would be killed offand the superior would remain that is the fittest wouldsurvive. When the environment changed therefore, he determinedthat all the changes necessary for the adaptation of the species would be brought about; and as the great changes are alwaysslow there would be ample time for the change to be effected bythe survival of the best fitted in every generation. He sawthat his theory supplanted the views of Lamarck and the Vist agesand annulled every important difficulty with these theories21. Two days later he sent Darwin (leading naturalist of thetime) a four-thousand word outline of his ideas entitled On theLaw Which has Regulated the Introduction. This was more thanmerely cause for Darwins distress, for his work was so similarto Darwins own that in some cases it parallelled Darwins ownphrasing, drawing on many of the same examples Darwin hit upon. Darwin was in despair over this, years of his own work seemed togo down the tube but he felt he must publish Wallaces work. Darwin was persuaded by friends to include extracts of his ownfindings when he submitted Wallaces work On the Law Which HasRegulated the Introduction of New Species to the Linnaean Societyin 1858, feeling doubly horrible because he felt this would betaking advantage of Wallaces position. Wallace never once gavethe slightest impression of resentment or disagreement, even tothe point of publishing a work of his own entitled Darwinism. This itself was his single greatest contribution to the field:encouraging Darwin to publish his extensive research on theissues theyd both developed22. He later published Contributions to the Theory of NaturalSelection, comprising the fundamental explanation andunderstanding of the theory of evolution through naturalselection. He also greatly developed the notion of naturalbarriers which served as isolation mechanisms, keeping apart notonly species but also whole families of animals he drew up aline (Wallaces line) where the fauna and flora of southeastAsia were very distinct from those of Australasia23. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLEPrior to full recognition of Mendels work in the early1900s, development of quantitative models describing the changesof gene frequencies in population were not realized. Followingthis rediscovery of Mendel, four scientists independently,almost simultaneously contrived the Hardy-Weinberg principal(named after two of the four scientists) which initiated thescience of population genetics: exploration of the statisticalrepercussions of the principle of inheritance as devised byMendel. Read concisely the Hardy-Weinberg principle might bestated as follows:Alternate paradigms of genes in ample populations will not bemodified proportionately as per successive generation, unlessstimulated by mutation, selection, emigration, or immigration ofindividuals. The relative proportion of genotypes in thepopulation will also be maintained after one generation, shouldthese conditions be negated or mating is random24. Through application of the Hardy-Weinberg principle theprecise conditions under which change does not occur in thefrequencies of alleles at a locus in a given population (group ofindividuals able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring) canbe formulated: the alleles of a locus will be at equilibrium. Aspecies may occur in congruous correspondence with its populationcounterpart, or may consist of several diverse populations,physically isolated from one another25. In accordance with Mendelian principle, given twoheterozygous alleles A and B, probability of the offspringretaining prominent traits of either parent (AA or BB) is 25percent, probability of retaining half the traits of each parent(AB) is 50 percent. Thus allele frequencies in the offspringparallel those of the parents. Likewise, given one parent AB andanother AA, allele frequencies would be 75 percent A and 25percent B, while genotype frequencies would be 50 percent AA and50 percent AB the gametes generated by these offspring wouldalso maintain the same ratio their parents initiated (given, ofcourse a maximum of two alleles at each locus). In true-to-life application however, where numerous allelesmay occur at any given locus numerous possible combinations ofgene frequencies are generated. Assuming a population of 100individuals = 1, 30 at genotype AA, 70 at genotype BB. Applyingthe proportionate theory, only 30% (0.30) of the gametes producedwill retain the A allele, while 70% (0.70) the B allele. Assuming there is no preference for AA or BB individuals formates, the probability of the (30% of total population) AA malesmating with AA females is but 9% (0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09). Likewisethe probability of an BB to BB match is 49%, the remainderbetween (30%) AA and (70%) BB individuals, totalling a 21%frequency. Frequency of alleles in a population in are commonlydenoted p and q respectively, while the AB genotype is denoted2pq. Using the relevant equation p + pq + q = 1, the sameproportions would be obtained. It can therefore be noted thatthe frequencies of the alleles in the population are unchanged. If one were to apply this equation to the next generation,similarly the genotype frequencies will remain unchanged per eachsuccessive generation. Generally speaking, the Hardy-Weinbergprinciple will not favour one genotype over another producingfrequencies expected through application of this law. Breaking Down The Metamorphosis EssayThe differentiated, but closely related species are now termedspecies pair, or species group. Eventually differentiation willprogress far enough for them to be defined as different species. While divergence is a continuing process, it does notnecessarily occur at a constant rate fluctuating betweenextremely rapid rates and very slow rates of evolution. Twostandard methods have been postulated for the occurrence ofgeographic speciation: i) Individuals from a species mightpopulate a new, isolated region of a give area (such as anisland). Their offspring would evolve geographically isolatedfrom the original species. Eventually, geographical isolationfrom the population on the mainland would evolved distinguishablecharacteristics. ii) Individuals might, alternately begeographically isolated as physical barriers arise or the rangeof the species or individuals of a population diminishes52. However, neither of these forms of speciation through geographicisolation and consequent individual genetic variation have beenobserved or studied direct because of the time span and generaldifficulty of unearthing desired fossils. Evidence for this formof speciation is therefore indirect and based on postulatedtheory53. DARWINS FINCHESThe finches of the Galapagos islands provided Darwin withan important lead towards his development of his theory ofevolution. They were (are) a perfect example of how isolatedpopulations could evolve. Here Darwin recognized that lifebranched out from a common prototype in what is now calledadaptive radiation. There were no indigenous finches to theislands when they arrived some adapted to tree-living, othersto cactus habitat, others to the ground. The differentiation wascomparatively small, and yet there evolved fourteen species ofbird classified under six separate genera, each visibly differentonly in the characteristics of its beak54. Joint selection pressure equations have been used tocalculate the change in gene frequency and consequent rate ofmutation resulting from action the of natural selection. Populations of Galapagos finches arrived at their islands fromSouth America and were provided with varying methods ofobtainment of sustenance. Only those individuals that evolvedcharacteristics allowing them to more easily obtain food fromvarying sources were not selected against. Populations wereisolated on certain islands and had to adapt to different foodsources. The result was an adaptation to food (seeds) fromtrees, ground or cactus-dominated ares. However, the migratorynature of these finches prompted them to emigrate to alternateislands, therefore interbreeding with otherwise isolatedpopulations of finches. The result has been a variation onsingle specific characteristics which retain certain propertiesdue to the singular islands they predominantly occupied. Whenthe population of immigrants was high enough, the gene pools ofdiverse populations of finches presently occupying the island wasmodified enough such that offspring would inherit some of thetraits of otherwise isolated finch populations55. Nevertheless,these finches developed characteristics endemic to theirparticular habitat, and because finches tend to remain in groupsrather than individual families, these particular characteristicsbecame dominant enough to evolve morphologically and later evenbiologically different characteristics. These discrepanciescould only lead to greater genetic variation down the line. Eventually immigrants from the mainland and even other Galapagosislands were completely incompatible with specific finchpopulations endemic to their respective islands56. Generally,selection pressure decreased as mutations resulting fromsystematic processes of genetic variation could no longer occur. This produced a significantly less versatile gene pool, however,via genetic drift from individuals of alternate populations whohad, at some point evolved from ancestors the population inquestion. Thus the gene pool could be modified without reallyaffecting the gene frequencies57 joint pressures were thereforestabilized, along with the newly developed population. SPECIATION vs. CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONSpeciation is substantially more relevant to the evolutionof species than convergent evolution. Through natural selectionsimilar characteristics and ways of life may be evolved bydiverse species inhabiting the same region, in what is calledconvergent evolution reflecting the similar selective pressureof similar environments. While separate populations of the samespecies occupying similar habitats may also evidence similarphysical characteristics due primarily to the environmentrather than their species origin it should noted that theyprogressed form the same ancestor. A defining principle for thealternate natures of speciation and convergent evolution putsimply: speciation results form a common ancestor, convergentevolution results from any number of ancestors58. Morphologically similar populations resulting from the sameancestor may be compatible and able to produce viable offspring(if in some occasions not fertile offspring). Morphologicallysimilar species resulting form different ancestors are nevercompatible with one another even if they are virtualmorphological twins. In fact, morphologically disparatepopulations of the same species may be compatible with oneanother whereas those disparate through convergent evolutionwould be more than merely incompatible, they may be predator andprey. Convergent evolution may only account for single specificphysical characteristics of very disparate, unrelated species such as the development of flipper-like appendages for the seaturtle (reptile), penguin (bird) and walrus (mammal)59. CONCEPT OF ADAPTATIONIf individuals were unable to adapt to changes in theenvironment they would be extinct in short order. Adaptabilityis often based on nuclear inheritance down the generations. Should an organism develop a resistance to certain environmentalconditions, this characteristic may be passed down through thegene pool, and then through natural selection be dominant for allorganisms of a given population. Bacteria are able to accomplish this feat at a remarkablyfast rate. Most, if not all forms of bacteria are compatiblewith one another, that is able to exchange genetic information. The speed at which bacteria reproduces is immeasurably fasterthan that of more complex, eukaryote organisms. Bacteria have amuch shorter lifespan as well but because they can develop veryquickly into large colonies given ideal conditions, it is easierto understand bacteria in clusters. Should a single bacterialorganism develop a trait that slightly aids its resistance todestructive environmental conditions, it can pass its modifiedgenetic structure on to half of a colony in a matter of hours. In the meantime the colony is quickly expanding, fully adapted tothe environment soon however, it has developed more than it canbe accommodated. The population will drop quickly in the face ofinadaptability. But that (previosly mentioned) exteriorbacterial organism with the modified trait releases informationyielding new growth, allowing the colony to expand further. Itis generally accepted that bacterial colonies will achieve amaximum capability however, through adaptation the bacterialpopulation will quickly excel once again60. Antibiotics are nowsent to destroy the bacteria. Soon they will be obliterated and now all that remains of the colony are a few choice bacterialorganisms. However, an otherwise isolated bacteria enters thesystem to exchange genetic information with the much smallerbacterial colony, conditions are favourable, the bacteriaexpands again. Antibiotics are sent again to destroy this colony but the exterior bacteria, originating in another organism andhaving deve loped a resistance to this type of antibody hasprovided much of the colony with the means for resistance tothese antibodies as well. Once again the bacterial culture hasexpanded having resisted malignant exterior interlopers61. Thisis how bacteria develops, constantly exchanging nuclearinformation, constantly able to adapt to innumerable harmfulsources. As bacteria are exposed to more destructive forces, themore they decelop resistace to, as surely many of the billions ofbacteria could develop an invulnerability to any threateningexterior sources given ideal environmental conditions. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUMRecently the concept of punctuated equilibrium, as proposedby American paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has be the subjectof much controversy in the scientific world. Gould advanced theidea that evolutionary changes take place in sudden bursts, andare not modified for long periods time when they are reasonablyadapted to altered environment62. This almost directly contradicts the older, establishedDarwinian notions that species evolve through phyleticgradualism, that evolution occurs at a fairly constant rate. Itis not suggested by adherents of the punctuated equilibrium modelthat pivotal fluctuations in morphology occur spontaneously or inonly a few generations changes are established in populations they argue instead that the changes may occur in but 100 to 1000generations. It is difficult to determine which model could moreadequately describe what transpires over the course of speciationand evolution due to gaps in fossil-record, 50 to 100 thousandyears of strata often covering deposits bearing fossils. Geneticmake-up need not change much for rapid, discernable morphologicalalterations to detected63. Impartial analysts on the two theories conclude that theyare both synonymous with evolutionary theory. Their primarydifferences entail their emphasis on the importance of speciationin long-term evolutionary patterns in lineage. While phyleticgradualism emphases the significance of changes in a singlelineage and the revision of species through slight deviation,punctuated equilibrium emphases the significance of alterationoccurring during speciation, maintaining that local (usuallysmall) populations adapt rapidly to local circumstance inproduction of diverse species some of which acquire the meansfor supplantation of their ancestors and rampant settlement inmany important adaptive breakthroughs64. One must consider thatDarwin was not aided by Mendelian theory. Under suchcircumstances Darwin would have surely produced an entirelydifferent theory for the inheritance of beneficial traits. Consider that mutations can presumably occur spontaneously, giventhe properly modified parent. It can therefore be stated thatpunctuated equilibrium is probably a more likely explanation asit does take into account modern cell, and genetic theory. Phyletic gradualism, while certainly extremely logical is atheory which simply cannot encompass those circumstance in whichsignificant change is recorded over comparatively short periodsof time. Both are complementary to be sure, but perhaps one ofthe two distorts this complementary nature formulating inaccurateassumption. VALUE/LIMITATIONS: THE THEORY BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONWhether or not the theory of evolution is useful depends onwhether or one values progress above development of personalnotions of existence. Certainly under the blanket of asuperficial American Dream one would be expected to subscribe toideals that society, that the state erects. Of course, theseideals focus on betterment of society as a whole which nowunfortunately, means power to the state. Everybody is thuscaught up in progress, supposedly to improve the quality oflife, and have been somewhat enslaved by the notion of work. Work has become something of an idol, nothing can be obtainedwithout work for the state. Whether one agrees with thethoughtless actions of the elite or not, people are oppressed byconforming to ideals that insist upon human suffering. Someirresponsible, early religious institutions did just that,erecting a symbol of the peoples suffering and forcing them tobow before it. Development of aeronautic, or even cancerresearch contributes primarily to this ideal of progress. Development of such theories as biological evolution, contributenothing toward progress. It instills in the people newprinciples, to dream and develop an understanding of themselvesand that which surrounds them ones, freeing their will from thatshuffling mass, stumbling as they are herded towards that whichwill reap for them suffering and pain. The state provides thissoulless mass with small pretty trinkets along the way, wheedlingand cajoling them with media images of how they should lead theirlives the people respond with regrets. Modern theory of biological evolution is actually sadlylacking in explanation for exactly how characteristics are passeddown to future generations. It is understood how nitrogen basesinteract to form a genetic code for an organism but how themodification that the organism develops, occurs is unknown. Somehow the organism mutates to adapt to environmentalconditions, and then presumably the offspring of this organismwill retain these adaptations65. Of course, biological evolutioncannot also explain precisely how first organisms developed:Generally, the theory accounts for energy and chemicalinteractions at a level consistent enough to establish a constantflow of said interactions but even here it falls short. Andwhat of phyletic gradualism? It is completely unable to explainthe more sudden mutations that occurfor obvious reasons itcannot explain this (Darwin had no knowledge of genetics), buteven punctuated gradualism doesnt balance this problem. Imsure there are numerous other problems which can be addressed butthese can be dealt with where opinion can be more educated. ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS OF BEINGMan it would appear, has always sought meaning for hisexistence. Development of many theories of existence have beenconceived and passed down through the ages. Institutionsconferring single metaphysical and elemental viewpoints have beenestablished, some of which have been particularly irresponsibleand oppressive towards the people they were supposed toenlighten. Most religious institutions have been used aspolitical tools for means of manipulation of the masses, goingback to early Roman days when empower Augustus absorbedChristianity into the Roman worship of the sun, Sol Invectus, asa means of subjugating the commoners to Roman doctrine. Generally religious institutions have exploited the people andhave been used as excuses for torture, war, mass exterminationsand general persecution and oppression of the people it pretendsto serve, telling the people they must suffer to reach ultimatetranscendent fulfilment. Unfortunately this oppression continuesin todays modern even Western world. There have actuallybeen almost innumerable explanations for the physical presence ofman these explanations merely been suppressed by the prevailingreligious institutions for fear that they will be deprivedabsolute power over the peopletheyre right. CONCLUSIONSWithout Darwin it can be concluded, reasonableinterpretation of biological evolution simply would not be. Natural selection, the process determining the ultimate survivalof a new organism, remains the major contributing factor to eventhe most modern evolutionary theory.The evolutionary processspans over the course of hundreds of thousands of generations,organisms evolving through systematic and dispersive mechanismsof speciation. Recently, heated debate surrounding whethercharacteristics are passed on in bursts of activity throughpunctuated equilibrium or at a constant rate through the moretraditional phyletic gradualism66. The release of Mendeliantheory into the scientific community filled the primary linkmissing in Darwins theory how biological characteristics werepassed on to future generations. Applications of genetic theoryto evolutionary theory however, are somewhat limited. It isdifficult to classify all species even through modern means ofpaleontology and application to the theory of organic evolution. BIBLIOGRAPHY1Brent, Peter. Charles Darwin, A Man of Enlarged Curiosity. Toronto: George J. McLeod Ltd., 1981. 2Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. New York: Paladin, 1978. 3Farrington, Benjamin. What Darwin Really Said. New York: Shoken Books, 1966. 4Gailbraith, Don.Biology: Principals, Patterns andProcesses. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons Canada Ltd. 1989, Un. 6: Evolution. 5Glass, Bently. Forerunners of Darwin 1745-1859. New York: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968. 6Gould, S.J. Ever Since Darwin. New York: Burnett Books, 1978. 7Grolier Encyclopedia, New. New York: Grolier Publishing, Inc., 1991. 8Haldane, J.B.S. The Causes of Evolution. London: Green and Co., 1982. 9Leakey, Richard E.. Mankind and Its Beginnings. New York:Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978. 10Miller, Johnathan. Darwin For Beginners. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. 11Moore, Johh A. Heredity and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 12Patterson, Colin. Evolution. London: British Museum ofNatural History Press, 1976. 13Random House Encyclopedia, The. New York: Random House Inc., 1987, p. 406-25. 14Ridley, Mark. The Essential Darwin. London, Eng: Allen Unwin, 1987. 15Smith, J.M. On Evolution. London: Doubleday, 1972. 16Stansfield, William D.. Genetics 2/ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983, p.266-287. 17Thomas, K.S.. H.M.S. Beagle, 1820-1870. Washington: Oxford University Press, 1975. ENDNOTES_______________________________1. Johnathan Miller, Darwin for Beginners,New York, Pantheon Books, 1982, p. 8. 2. Mark Ridley, The Essential Darwin, London Eng:Allen Unwin, 1987, p. 23. 3. J.M. Smith, On Evolution, London, Eng.:London/Doubleday, 1972, 48. 4. Peter Brent, Charles Darwin, A Man of EnlargedCuriosity, Toronto: George J. McLeod Ltd., 1981, p. 313. 5. Don Gailbraith, Biology, Principals, Patterns andProcesses, Toronto: John Wiley and Sons Canada Ltd. 1989, Un. 6: Evolution, p. 403. 6. opsit., p. 92. 7. opsit., p. 96. 8. J.B.S. Heldane, The Causes of Evolution, London:Green and Co., 1982, p. 237. 9. ibid., p. 444. 10. Benjamin Farrington, What Darwin Really Said,New York: Shocken Books, 1966, p. 52. 11. ibid., p. 61. 12. opsit., p. 405-06. 13. opsit., p. 383. 14. ibid., p. 390. 15. ibid., p. 388. 16. ibid., p. 381. 17. John A. Moore, Heredity and the Environment,New york: Pantheon Books, 1980, p. 141. 18. opsit., p. 417. 19. opsit., p. 385. 20. K.S. Thomas, H.M.S. Beagle, 1820-1870,Washington: Oxford University Press, p. 229. 21. opsit. p. 8022. opsit., p. 262. 23. ibid., p. 536. 24. opsit., p.417. 25. opsit., p. 183. 26. opsit., p. 419. 27. The Random House Encyclopedia, New York:Random House Inc., 1987, p. 432. 28. ibid., p. 437. 29. opsit., p. 348. 30. The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia,Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1991,MALTHUS. 31. opcit., p. 403. 32. ibid., p. 404. 33. opsit., MALTHUS. 34. opsit., p. 309. 35. opsit., p. 841. 36. Bently Glass, Forerunners of Darwin 1745-1859,New York: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968. 37. opsit., p. 351. 38. Richard E. Leakey, Mankind and Its Beginnings,New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, p. 177. 39. ibid., p. 156. 40. opsit., p. 218. 41. opsit., p. 408. 42. opcit., p.431. 43. ibid., p. 432/44. opsit., p. 253. 45. ibid., p. 554. 46. William D. Stansfield, Genetics 2/ed,New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983, p. 266. 47. ibid. p. 269. 48. opsit., p. 272. 49. ibid., p. 274. 50. ibid., p. 275. 51. opsit., p. 434. 52. ibid., p. 432. 53. ibid., p. 435. 54. opsit, p. 420. 55. opsit., p.374. 56. ibid. p. 421. 57. opsit., p. 299. 58. opsit., p. 160. 59. opsit., p. 412. 60. opsit. p. 138. 61. ibid. p. 95. 62. opsit., p. 441. 63. ibid., p. 441-264. ibid., p. 443. 65. opsit., p. 572. 66. opsit., p. 441.

Harvey Norman

Introduction Harvey Norman is a leading firm in Australia’s retail industry. Founded in 1961, the firm has since expanded its operations to foreign markets such as â€Å"Singapore, Ireland, New Zealand, Malaysia and Slovenia† (Harvey Norman, 2011). Currently, the firm has over 300 stores of which 195 are located in Australia (Harvey Norman, 2011). The firm’s core business activity involves retailing a variety of consumer products and property.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Harvey Norman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main products it sells include â€Å"computers, TVs, portable electronics, furniture and home appliances† (Harvey Norman, 2011). In the first half of its 2010 financial year (as at 31/12/2010), the firm realized a gross profit of $198.61 which was 16.5% less as compared to the $237.77 which was realized over a similar period in 2009 (Harvey Norman, 2011). The core values of the firm include honesty, fairness and integrity. Its main competitors include, JB Hi Fi, Retravision and Myer. It is the first firm to contemplate expanding to India. Environmental Analysis In order to expand its market and to improve its profitability and competitiveness, Harvey Norman is planning to join the Indian market. Thus the firm has to understand the business environment and competition associated with India in order to make the right entry decision. Consequently, the Indian market and the firm’s ability to succeed in it will be analyzed through three concepts namely, SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis and the PESTEL analysis. Macro-environment Analysis: PESTEL Political India is one of the most politically stable countries in Asia (Chanda and Gopalan, 2009, pp. 66-78). The government of India has forged strong political relationships with most countries in Asia and other foreign countries (Chanda and Gopalan, 2009, pp. 66-78). The polit ical stability encourages investments in the country since the investors are assured of the security of their investments. Strong political relationships with foreign countries encourage the flow of foreign direct investment into India (Aisen, 2005, pp. 100-113). Thus Harvey Norman can take advantage of the political stability and investing the country.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic India is the â€Å"tenth largest economy globally by nominal GDP† (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). By purchasing power parity, India is ranked at fourth position globally. Its economy is currently recoding a high growth rate of 7.2% (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). In 2010, the country’s GDP per capita was $ 3,339 which was one of the highest in Asia (Virmani, 2010, pp. 320-340). The robust economic growth is likely to translate into high disposable income (Krugman, 2009, p. 7 8). This leads to high demand for goods especially in the retail industry. Due to the rapid economic growth, India’s retail industry is expected to grow by 14% between 2011 and 2015. Social India has a population of 1.2 billion people thus making it one of the largest markets in the world (Bloom, 2010, pp. 84-100). Majority of the population has a high purchasing power following the expansion of the â€Å"upper and middle class consumer bases† (Bloom, 2010, pp. 84-100). This has led to high demand for consumer products especially in the retail industry. The consumers in India are highly educated and are price sensitive. This explains the high price elasticity associated with most products in the country’s retail industry. Technology As an emerging economy, India is focusing on adopting modern and cheap technology in order to improve its productivity. Consequently, capital goods which are associated with technological advancements such as computers are exempted f rom import duty (Narayanan, Chandna and Das, 2008, pp. 321-351). Besides, the country has improved its productivity by investing in modern transportation and communication infrastructure such as fiber optic and broadband technology (Narayanan, Chandna and Das, 2008, pp. 321-351). This further increases the demand for computers and portable electronics such as iPods in the country. Environmental The government of India is keen on environment conservation. Companies operating in India are not only expected to engage in activities that are least harmful to the environment but are also expected to participate in its conservation (Senthilkumar and Shivakumar, 2011, pp. 341-410).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Harvey Norman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, majority of the companies channel a high percentage of their social responsibility funds towards environmental conservation initiatives. The firms o perating in the retail industry are expected to sell products with clear disposal instructions in order to prevent environmental pollution. Legal Legal factors refer to the rules or regulations that guide business activities such as importation, exportation and foreign direct investments. India has an open import policy which aims at lowering the cost of imports and simplifying the importation process (Sathish and Venkatramarajiu, 2010, pp. 251-278). There are no restrictions on quantities of goods that can be imported into India. Even though most capital goods are exempted from import duty, the average importation duty is as high as 30% (Sathish and Venkatramarajiu, 2010, pp. 251-278). The retail industry is deregulated in order to encourage rapid growth. Micro-environmental Analysis: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants The firms operating in India’s retail industry are associated with high economies of scale since most of them are multi-national corp orations. Due to the high competition in the industry, products are highly differentiated in order to improve the competitiveness of the retailers (Kottler, 2003, p. 67). Differentiation is mainly focused on pricing and product quality. The cost of joining the industry is very high since it is capital intensive (Sodhi and Lee, 2007, pp. 1430-1439). A lot of capital is required to establish stores and to purchase the merchandise. Besides, the switching costs associated with the industry are very high. These trends indicate that the threat of new entrants in the industry is low. Consequently, the competitiveness of incumbent firms is not likely to be affected negatively as new firms join the industry (Blanchard, 2008, p. 67). Buyer’s Bargaining Power The buyers have a low bargaining power in the industry and this can be explained as follows. First, there is low concentration of buyers as compared to the suppliers’ industry. This means that there are very many buyers as c ompared to suppliers and this leads to high competition for supplies (Sodhi and Lee, 2007, pp. 1430-1439).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, the suppliers or manufacturers of products such as computers, home appliances and furniture are focusing on product differentiation in order to compete effectively in their industries (Hollensen, 2010, p. 56). Thus suppliers’ products are highly differentiated. Finally, the industry is associated with high switching costs. The low bargaining power of the buyers means that the retailers can be exploited through high prices of supplies. Power of Suppliers The suppliers have a high bargaining power due to the following reasons. First, there are a few suppliers as compared to the buyers (Sodhi and Lee, 2007, pp. 1430-1439). This means that the buyers highly depend on the suppliers. Second, there is low availability of substitutes for products such as computers and furniture. However, sometimes customers substitute various brands of the same product due to differences in prices and functionality (Muthe, 2011, pp. 84-88). Finally, due to the large number of buyers, retailer s are not highly valued by the suppliers. Besides, some suppliers such as Dell Inc. have their own distribution channels. The high bargaining power of the suppliers means that they can dictate the price at which they supply their products thus leading to high prices (Blanchard, 2008, p. 71). Threat of Substitute Products The threat of substitute products is low particularly for computers, home appliances and furniture. Customers can only substitute one brand for another but can not easily seek substitutes in different industries (Muthe, 2011, pp. 84-88). For example, computers are highly preferred to typewriters despite their high prices (Muthe, 2011, pp. 84-88). The low threat of substitutes is attributed to low differentiation of substitutes. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry The intensity of competitive rivalry is high and this is attributed to the following reasons. There are very many firms competing in the industry, thus reducing the market share of each firm (Dhanabhakyan and Shanthi, 2010). Second, the industry is growing at a slow rate since it is at its maturity stage (Dhanabhakyan and Shanthi, 2010). Third, the industry is labor intensive and this has led to high fixed costs (Blanchard, 2008, p. 91). Finally, the storage costs are very high due to the large number of goods stocked by retailers and the intense competition for storage space among firms. SWOT Analysis Strengths Harvey Norman is associated with the following strengths. First, the company is financially stable. As at 31 December 2010, the firm realized a gross profit of $198.61(Harvey Norman, 2011). Even though the result was 16.5% less than the $237.77 million it realized in a similar period in 2009; the reduction is attributed to external factors. For example, the unusual wet weather in Australia led to low demand for key products such as refrigerators and outdoor furniture (Harvey Norman, 2011). The Australian dollar also appreciated thus increasing the cost of importation. Currently, the firm maintains a â€Å"low dept to equity ratio of 31.19% and net dept to equity ratio of 25.12%† (Harvey Norman, 2011). Due its financial stability, the firm can easily fund its expansion plan effectively. Second, the company is associated with the best customer services. Based on its core values, honesty and integrity; the firm focuses on meeting customers’ needs (Harvey Norman, 2011). It not only sells high quality products, but also offers after sales services such as technical advice. Customers’ experiences have also been enhanced through e-commerce initiatives. Through the firm’s website, the customers are able to access product information and to make instant purchases (Harvey Norman, 2011). The excellent customer services have helped the firm to retain its valuable customers thereby maintaining its markets share. Third, the company offers a wide range of products (Harvey Norman, 2011). The firm stocks several brands for every category of its p roducts. This has improved its competitiveness in two ways. First, the firm is considered a one stop retailer for electronics, home appliances and furniture (Harvey Norman, 2011). Second, the customers’ experiences have improved since they are able to find all the products they need under one roof. Stocking a wide variety of products will enable the firm to meet the needs of consumers in India. Since India has a population of over 1 billion people, the preferences of the market are likely to be varied (Muthe, 2011, pp. 84-88). Thus the needs of the customers can only be met by stocking a wide variety of goods. Finally, the company has been able to maintain competitive prices in the market for most of its products (Harvey Norman, 2011). The low prices will enable it to penetrate the Indian market that is associated with intense competition. Thus as the firm’s sales increases due to low prices, its market share will quickly increase. Weaknesses The weaknesses of the firm include the following. The firm has always used the franchise business model to expand its operations (Harvey Norman, 2011). Consequently, the firm has not been able to have full control over its marketing activities since the franchisees are responsible for management of their businesses. Besides, the model is associated with low returns. For example, in 2010 the company’s half year results reduced due to the reduction in franchise fees it collected (Harvey Norman, 2011). Second, most of the firm’s stores are located in Australia. Thus its performance is likely to be adversely affected if the Australian market becomes unfavorable. Threats First, the interest rates in the property industry have been increasing rapidly over the last one year. This has led to a decline in consumer confidence and reduction in demand (Harvey Norman, 2011). Second, demand for seasonal products such as refrigerators has been negatively affected by an unexpected weather patterns such as wet summer seasons. Third, the strength of the Australian dollar has led to a significant price deflation. Significant reduction in consumer prices can lead to losses if the firm can not sustain them for along time (Krugman, 2009, p. 90). The threat of competitive rivalry in the market is very high. This means that Harvey Norman can easily lose its market share if it will not be able to improve its competitiveness. Finally, the market is also characterized by high suppliers’ bargaining power and low buyers’ bargaining power. This limits the firm’s ability to access cheap supplies in order to maintain competitive prices (Krugman, 2009, p. 95). Opportunities The opportunities available to the firm include a large, wealthy and educated population (Bloom, 2010, pp. 84-100). This is likely to lead to high demand in the retail industry thereby giving the firm an opportunity to increase its productivity. Deregulation of the retail industry and removal of import restriction s is an opportunity to the firm to increase its market share by joining the Indian market (Dhanabhakyan and Shanthi, 2010). The low threat of substitute products helps in preventing significant reduction in consumer prices. Thus the firm has the opportunity to set optimal prices that can enable it to make high profits. Recommendation Based on all the above analyses, the firm should enter the Indian market through foreign direct investment (FDI). This means that Harvey Norman will enter the market by either establishing new stores in India or acquiring existing retail chains in India. The rationale behind this decision can be explained as follows. Ownership Advantages FDI will be suitable since the firm has ownership advantages. First, the firm has a well established brand through its trademark, Harvey Norman (Harvey Norman, 2011). This will help in distinguishing it in the market thus enabling it to compete effectively with domestic firms in India. Second, the firm has a highly qual ified leadership with excellent entrepreneurial skills (Harvey Norman, 2011). Consequently, they will be able to formulate effective policies that will enable the firm to improve its competitiveness in India. Finally, as a multi-national corporation, Harvey Norman enjoys economies of scale. It is able to reduce costs by synchronizing the supply chain activities of its branches with those of its suppliers. Localization Advantages Even though the citizens of India are well educated, the cost of labor is still cheap due to the large population (Sathish and Venkatramarajiu, 2010, pp. 251-278). Since the retail industry is labor intensive, Harvey Norman will be able to take advantage of the cheap labor to increase its productivity while reducing fixed costs (Blanchard, 2008, p. 45). India is a member of ASEAN and has an open import policy (Sathish and Venkatramarajiu, 2010, pp. 251-278). This will enable the firm to access cheap supply of merchandise from the ASEAN member countries in or der to maintain competitive prices. Besides, capital goods such as computers are exempted from taxation in India. Thus the firm will be able to import and sell them at low prices thereby increasing its market share. Internalization Since the retail industry in India is characterized by intense competition, it will be advisable for the firm to have full control over its operations including marketing (Hollensen, 2010, p. 69). This will enable it to understand the needs of the market and respond to them within the desired timeframe. Since the firm is a new entrant, it must directly engage its customers in conversations in order to understand their preferences (Hollensen, 2010, p. 79). This can only be achieved if the management has full control over its operations. The firm has been able to achieve rapid growth due to the excellent entrepreneurial skills of its leaders. Thus it must preserve its proprietary knowledge in order to outperform its competitors in the new market. Cost Even though FDI is associated with the highest capital commitment, the firm can afford it. The SWOT analysis revealed that the firm is financially stable. Consequently it can fund its expansion strategies effectively. Why other Entry Modes should not be used Currently, the firm is using the franchise business model to expand its operations (Harvey Norman, 2011). Even though this model is cheap, it limits the ability of the firm’s leadership to have full control over marketing and other operation activities (Hollensen, 2010, p. 69). Franchises are associated with inefficiencies in marketing and supply chain operations. This can lead to failure in a highly competitive market such as India. The high competition has led to low prices and low profits. Consequently, the firm will not be able to realize substantial returns if it adopts the franchise model since it has to share the profits with the franchisees. The export entry mode will not be appropriate since Harvey Norman is a retaile r. It will thus be expensive to export its merchandise from Australia to India through an export subsidiary. Besides, the firm might not be able to find an effective distribution channel to help it distribute its products in India due to the high import taxation (Sathish and Venkatramarajiu, 2010, pp. 251-278). The licensing mode will not be appropriate since the firm has very little knowledge about the Indian market. A firm is likely to fail if it licenses another firm to sell its products in a market that it has little knowledge of. References Aisen, A. 2005. Does political instability lead to higher inflation? IMF Working Paper. 1(1), pp. 100-113. Blanchard, O. 2008. Macroeconomics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Bloom, D. 2010. Population dynamics in India and implications for economic growth. PGDA Working Papers. 4(1), pp. 84-100. Chanda, R. and Gopalan, S. 2009. Understanding India’s regional initiatives with East and Southeast Asia. Asian-Pacific Econom ic Literature. 23(1), pp. 66-78. Dhanabhakyan, M. and Shanthi, A. 2010. Indian retail industry: its growth, challenges and opportunities. [Online] Available at: https://www.fibre2fashion.com/ . Harvey Norman, 2011. About us. [Online] Available at: https://www.harveynorman.com.au/ . Hollensen, S. 2010. Marketing management. New York: Pearson Education. Kottler, P. 2003. Marketing management. New York: Prentice Hall. Krugman, P. 2009. Macroeconomics. London: Worth Publishers. Muthe, P. 2011. Changing behavioral trends of the Indian consumer. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies. 2(3), pp 84-88. Narayanan, A., Chandna, G. and Das, H. 2008. Transfer of organizational IT usage best practices to the Indian retail industry: an imperative for enhancing competitiveness. Asian Business and Management. 7(13), pp. 321-351. Sathish, D. and Venkatramarajiu, D. 2010. The growth of Indian retail industry. Advances in Management. 3(7), pp. 251-278. Senthilkumar, S. and Shivakumar, P. 20 11. Growing prospective of retail industry in and around India. Advances in Management. 4(2), pp. 341-410. Sodhi, M. and Lee, S. 2007. An analysis of sources of risk in the consumer electronics industry. Journal of the Operational research Society. 58(1), pp. 1430-1439. Virmani, A. 2010. India’s economic growth. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. 4(2), pp. 320-340. This report on Harvey Norman was written and submitted by user Maliyah K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on English Medieval Literature vs. Renaissance

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on English Medieval Literature vs. Renaissance Writing a compare and contrast essay can be a challenge, especially if you decided to delay working on it until the very end. Further complicating things is having to write on a vast subject such as Medieval Literature vs Renaissance Literature as both have a rich history. Luckily for you, you do not have to worry about selecting a topic to tackle for your compare and contrast essay. In addition to our list of 13 facts on medieval English literature vs. Renaissance for a compare and contrast essay, here are 20 topics on medieval English literature vs Renaissance for a compare and contrast essay. Depictions of Romance and Chivalry in Major Literary Works Produced During the English Renaissance and the Medieval Period The Anonymous Author of the Medieval Era - Accuracy and Impersonality in Medieval Writing and Renaissance Works Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Contrasting Concepts of Idea Ownership in Medieval Period and Post-Restoration Era Literary Works The Influence of Religion on Medieval Literature and Renaissance Literature Differences and Similarities in Transmission Mediums The Evolution of the Concept of Courtly Love and its Depictions in Medieval Literature and in Works Produced During the Renaissance Looking at Macrocosm through the Microcosm Lens: Contrasting Depictions of Nature in Medieval Literature and Renaissance Literature Secular Literature in the Medieval Period and Renaissance A Comparative Analysis of Major Literary Devices Used by Medieval Authors and Renaissance Authors The Political Views of Medieval and Renaissance Authors as Reflected in Their Works Female Authors and the Major Themes of Their Works Dissemination of Written Works during the Medieval Era and the Renaissance Chaucers Monk and Shakespeares Macbeth: A Comparative Analysis of Tragedy End of an Eternal Night: Literature as an Agent of Social Change Representations of Justice in Medieval and Renaissance Literature The Evolution of English and English Literature The Printing Press and English Literature Secular Poetry of the Medieval Period vs Renaissance Humanism The Power of Symbolism in Medieval Literature vs Renaissance Literature Major Literary Genres of the Medieval Period and the Renaissance You can use any of these topics as they are or can be inspired by them to come up with your own. If you need a little more guidance, here is a sample essay comparing Medieval heroes with Renaissance heroes to further clarify the topic. Sample Compare and Contrast Essay on Medieval Heroes vs Renaissance Heroes The people and society of Europe during the Medieval Ages and Renaissance held vastly differing culture and worldviews. This was starkly reflected in the literary works produced during those times. Fictional works often revolved around an individual who takes on the central role of the hero. The attitudes of the society are often depicted in the personality and actions of the hero. Moreover, these depictions offer a unique glimpse into the thinking of Medieval and Renaissance authors. Renaissance heroes are notably different from classical tragic heroes. Their most important distinguishing quality is the context of the story.   Classical tragic heroes seem to operate in a different religious context as compared to Renaissance heroes. This results in significant differences in both the characteristics and the actions of the heroes. The readers or the viewers of the plays during the Medieval period held Christian beliefs and their expectations were different as compared to the Renaissance audience. Another difference is that the heroes of Medieval tales belonged to noble families or were descendants of a higher power. This is not the case with the Renaissance hero. Usually, the Renaissance hero was morally superior to the Medieval hero, but socially inferior. The characters and moral standing of the Renaissance hero were more complex as compared to Medieval era heroes. They had shades of gray to their personalities and their demise followed a complicated path. On the other hand, the classical hero had a significant fatal flaw which caused a linear fall from grace. Shakespeare’s Mark Antony and Hamlet stand in sharp contrast to Sir Gawain from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The literature of the Renaissance sheds a lot of the religious overtones seen in Medieval works. The heroes of the Renaissance no longer had to be socially important or supernatural. This shows that the thinking of the society in the Renaissance period had become more liberal. The classical hero possessed a noble stature and high status. He must embody nobility, but has one major flaw. This flaw, coupled with external forces of fate, brings about a tragedy. However, the Renaissance hero is morally complex and has many flaws. He overcomes some of them and often undergoes a metamorphosis during the unfolding of the tale. This hero is more realistic, more human, and more tragic than the Medieval era hero. The authors of such characters understand that people do not have one major flaw. Human beings do not exist in black and white; human tragedy plays out on a gray spectrum. The players take on varying degrees of flaws and qualities. Doctor Faustus, the main character of Christopher Marlowe’s famous play, is not of noble birth. His character shows a touch of the humanist tendencies of the Renaissance period as he is depicted as arrogant, foolish and selfish. On the other hand, he tries to ‘make men to live eternally’. The Medieval heroes were somewhat one-dimensional at least in aspects of morality. The Renaissance hero is seen as a more human depiction. This sample essay is meant to provide you an example of how you can present your argument and essay. Feel free to use it as a template for your own work, but we know you can come up with an even better essay. So, get ready to write your own. If you need help with the technicalities of this academic assignment, check out our guide on how to write a compare and contrast essay on medieval English literature vs. Renaissance. References: Aughterson, K. (1998). The English Renaissance. London: Routledge. Braunmuller, A., Hattaway, M. (1990). The Cambridge companion to English Renaissance drama. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. Fried, J., Lewis, P. The Middle Ages. Jansson, M., Smith, N. (1996). Literature Revolution in England, 1640-1660.Renaissance Quarterly, 49(4), 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2862991 Krstovic, J. (2005). Classical and medieval literature criticism. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Lambdin, R., Lambdin, L. (2000). Encyclopedia of medieval literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Lewis, C., Hooper, W. (1966). Studies in medieval and Renaissance literature. Cambridge [England]: University Press. Maddern, C. (2010). Medieval literature. Harlow, England: Longman/Pearson. McAlindon, T. (1986). English renaissance tragedy. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Muscatine, C. (1999). Medieval literature, style, and culture. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Give your own,, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Give your own,, - Essay Example For this purpose the steps will be as follows; Step-1: Some of the erstwhile support staff will accompany Bridget to her new home and if possible try spending couple of hours or a day together with her in her new home. This will not only make her comfortable in the new environment, but will also assure her about the availability of easy help when she requires it in future. Step-2: While revisiting Bridget on the third day, an effort would be made to take note of her experience in the new surroundings, some of the problems that she faced or what made her happy in the new environment. It is worthwhile here to mention that these elaborations must be elicited from her in an informal manner, without letting her be conscious about the feedback. The support plan in this case must take into account the history of Bridget, her preferences etc. Bridget has suffered quite a lot in the past and she has many more years ahead for her. Therefore, the support plan must take a long term perspective of the issues with her. While reservations have been expressed about her coming to terms with the alcoholic abuse problem, the fact that she is being allowed to move back to her flat is an indication enough of her becoming a reformed citizen. Key aspects for her support plan are; Often people make use of alcoholic to get rid of tension, isolation and depressing tendencies. A schedule of activities like routine exercises, visit to market, phone call to the social worker, visit to the hostel etc. must be planned out for Bridget. This will keep her busy enough to take recourse to liquor. Purpose of such a schedule is to make sure that Bridget doesn’t come across circumstances like mood swings, involving periods of excessive euphoria or bouts of intense depression. Efforts must also be planned out to locate the whereabouts of her two kids, so that she gets to lead a normal life in times to come.

Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning; Research Paper - 1

Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning; Hypothesis Formulation - Research Paper Example An individual suffering from mild traumatic brain injury may lose perception for a few seconds or minutes or may remain conscious throughout. Other mild traumatic brain injury symptoms include confusion, headache, lightheadedness, blurred vision, dizziness, ringing in the ears, fatigue, bad taste in the mouth, sleep pattern changes, mood or behavioral changes, nausea, slurred speech, temporary loss of memory, attention, concentration or thinking capacity (Cifu et al, 2010; Murdoch & Theodoros, 2001). On average, more or less 2 million traumatic brain injuries transpire per year, either as isolated cases or by the side of other injuries. Common symptoms of moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries are abnormal social behavior, deficits in social judgment, frequent loss of attention, processing speed and executive functioning. Anyone with signs of traumatic brain injury ought to receive immediate medical attention; based on the fact that traumatic brain injury is a health risk. As a starter, medical personnel try to stabilize a person with traumatic brain injury and focus on preventing additional injury since little can be done to correct the initial brain injury resulting from the trauma; this is regarded as an initial treatment for traumatic brain injury. The primary concerns include ensuring proper oxygen supply, ensuring adequate blood flow, and maintaining normal blood pressure. Imaging tests help in diagnosing a traumatic brain injury patient (High, 2005). Patients with m ild to modest traumatic brain injury undergo skull and neck X-rays to check for bone fractures or spinal irregularities. Moderately to severely injured patients have to undergo rehabilitation depending on individual symptoms. Such therapy programs include speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, physiatry, psychology/psychiatry, and social support (Murdoch & Theodoros,